Opíšte priebeh otravy muchotrávkou zelenou (amatoxínmi) a jej liečbu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 82
| otrava | intoxicatio |
| muchotrávka zelená | Amanita phalloides |
| amatoxíny | |
| oxid uhoľnatý | carbonei monoxidum |
| karboxyhemoglobín | carboxyhaemoglobinum |
| hyperbarická oxygenoterapia | |
| naloxón | naloxonum |
| fomepizol | fomepizolum |
| metanol | methanolum |
| etanol | ethanolum |
| mióza | miosis |
| Wernickeho encefalopatia | encephalopathia Wernicke |
The amatoxins interfere with protein synthesis and cause liver failure.
Opioids are potent analgesics and euphoriants with the potential to cause sedation and respiratory depression.
Alcohol (ethanol) is a central nervous system depressant. Large amounts consumed rapidly can cause respiratory depression, coma, and death.
Displacement of oxygen from hemoglobin (because CO has greater affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen)
The most toxic Amanita mushroom is Amanita phalloides, which causes 95% of mushroom poisoning deaths.
The amanitin toxin is heat stable, remaining toxic whether eaten raw or cooked. The mechanism of action of amatoxin is by inhibiting RNA polymerase, causing disruption of transcription of mRNA.
Common sources of CO in poisonings include house fires and improperly vented automobiles or motorboats, gas heaters, furnaces, hot water heaters, wood- or charcoal-burning stoves, and kerosene heaters.
Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes methanol to formaldehyde, and aldehyde dehydrogenase subsequently oxidizes formaldehyde to formic acid.
Initial gastroenteritis, which may occur 6 to 12 hours after ingestion, can be severe; hypoglycemia can occur. Initial symptoms abate for a few days; then liver failure and sometimes renal failure develop.
The main toxic effect of opioid overdose is respiratory depression, characterized by decreased respiratory rate and reduced ventilation, which can progress to apnea.
In alcohol-naïve people, a BAC of 300 to 400 mg/dL (65.1 to 86.8 mmol/L) often causes unconsciousness, and a BAC ≥ 400 mg/dL (86.8 mmol/L) may be fatal.
Levels > 20% commonly cause vague dizziness, generalized weakness, difficulty concentrating, and impaired judgment. Levels > 30% commonly cause dyspnea during exertion, chest pain (in patients with coronary artery disease), and confusion.
If CO poisoning is suspected, the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood is measured with a CO-oximeter; venous samples can be used because arteriovenous differences are trivial.
Methanol increases serum osmolality, while its primary toxic metabolite, formic acid, is responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis and end-organ damage. As methanol is metabolized, the osmolar gap narrows while the anion gap widens.
All ingestions of suspected liver-toxic mushrooms should have a complete chemistry panel to include liver function tests and a baseline INR.
In acute alcohol intoxication, laboratory tests are generally not helpful; diagnosis is usually made clinically. Exceptions include fingerstick glucose to rule out hypoglycemia and sometimes tests to determine BAC.
Patients with spontaneous respirations can be treated with an opioid antagonist, typically naloxone 0.4 mg to 2 mg IV given in increments of 0.4 mg every 2 to 3 minutes as needed
Fomepizole is the antidote of choice for patients who present early after toxic alcohol exposure. This agent inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase. Ethanol may also be used therapeutically to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase when fomepizole is unavailable
Patients should be removed from the source of carbon monoxide (CO) and stabilized as necessary. They are given 100% oxygen (by nonrebreather mask) and treated supportively
Although its use is becoming increasingly controversial, hyperbaric oxygen therapy
typically should be considered for patients who have any of the following: Life-threatening cardiopulmonary complications Ongoing chest pain Altered consciousness Loss of consciousness (no matter how brief) A carboxyhemoglobin level > 25%
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy should also be considered for pregnant patients, possibly at lower serum CO levels than in nonpregnant patients.
Initial care involves correction of fluid and electrolyte repletion, close monitoring for hypoglycemia, and possibly repeated doses of activated charcoal.
Treatment of liver failure may require liver transplantation; other specific treatments (eg, N-acetylcysteine, high-dose penicillin, silibinin, IV lipid emulsion) are unproved.
If poisoning is severe, neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs (eg, dementia, psychosis, parkinsonism, chorea, amnestic syndromes) can develop days to weeks after exposure and become permanent.
Retinal and basal ganglia toxicity may result in permanent visual impairment, neurologic deficits, or Parkinsonian features.
Other complications (eg, pulmonary edema, which usually develops within minutes to a few hours after opioid overdose) and death result primarily from hypoxia.
Emesis is common with moderate to severe intoxication; because emesis usually occurs with obtundation, aspiration is a significant risk.
Opíšte priebeh otravy muchotrávkou zelenou (amatoxínmi) a jej liečbu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú zásady liečby otravy metanolom?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú zásady liečby akútnej intoxikácie etanolom?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.