Vymenujte rizikové faktory aterosklerózy.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 83
| ateroskleróza | atherosclerosis |
| aterosklerotický plát (ateróm) | atheroma |
| penové bunky | |
| LDL cholesterol | |
| lipoproteín(a) | |
| index členok–rameno | |
| statíny | |
| ezetimib | ezetimibum |
| inhibítory PCSK9 | |
| ischemická choroba dolných končatín | |
| intermitentná klaudikácia | claudicatio intermittens |
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the development of fatty and/or fibrous intimal plaques (atheromas) in the arterial wall. Initially, the plaques contain lipid materials, but over time they may become fibrosed and calcified.
The key pathophysiological processes in the development of atherosclerosis involve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, inflammatory cells, endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and remodeling of extracellular matrix.
Inside the intima, monocytes transform into macrophages, expressing scavenger receptors that allow them to ingest lipoprotein particles and become foam cells, a hallmark of the early atherosclerotic plaque.
Common risk factors include age, family history of premature atherosclerotic disease, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular-kidney metabolic factors (eg, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease), inflammation, and lifestyle factors
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is considered premature when it occurs in a male first-degree relative before age 55 years and in a female first-degree relative before age 65 years.
Atherosclerosis is initially asymptomatic, often for decades. Symptoms and signs develop when lesions impede blood flow (see table Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis). The symptoms depend on the vascular bed affected and the acuity and severity of blood flow impairment.
Unstable angina, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or resting pain in the limbs may develop when unstable plaques rupture and acutely occlude a major artery, with superimposed thrombosis or embolism. Plaque rupture may also cause sudden death without preceding angina.
These plaques typically feature a large lipid core covered by a thin (< 60 microns) fibrous cap. Most clinical events result from unstable plaques that do not appear hemodynamically significant when examined with angiography.
Plaque rupture is the most common cause of acute coronary thrombosis leading to acute myocardial infarctions (5, 6), particularly fatal ones.
Ankle-brachial index (ABI): The ABI is a simple, noninvasive test that compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm. It is used for the evaluation of peripheral artery disease.
Vascular ultrasound: Doppler ultrasound is used to visualize atherosclerotic plaques and assess the severity of stenosis. Vascular ultrasound can be used to assess the carotid arteries, renal arteries, abdominal aorta, and peripheral arteries.
to estimate 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in individuals without previous CVD or diabetes aged 40–69 years in Europe
to estimate 5- and 10-year CVD risk in older adults (aged 70 years or older)
In coronary arteries, an FFR ≤ 0.80 indicates a hemodynamically significant stenosis.
Treatment involves aggressive modification of risk factors to slow progression and induce regression of existing plaques. Given the well-established link between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, lowering LDL is the cornerstone of the recommended therapy
In patients with acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, or established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (including peripheral artery disease), high-intensity statin therapy is recommended
When added to standard statin therapy, ezetimibe has been shown to reduce cardiovascular events in both patients with a prior acute coronary syndrome, and those with chronic coronary artery disease at very high risk, particularly when LDL cholesterol levels are ≥ 70 mg/dL ( ≥ 1.8 mmol/L)
Aspirin monotherapy at a low dose (75 to 100 mg) is recommended to reduce atherosclerotic events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and no indication for oral anticoagulation
Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina and myocardial infarction): Angina, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, sweating, arrhythmia, hypotension, shock, sudden cardiac death
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke: Sudden neurologic symptoms (eg, numbness, weakness especially when focal, confusion, aphasia)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture: Sudden severe abdominal or back pain, dizziness, hypotension, shock
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Sudden severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the stool
Vymenujte rizikové faktory aterosklerózy.
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Aké vyšetrovacie metódy sa používajú v diagnostike aterosklerózy?
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Aké sú zásady nefarmakologickej prevencie aterosklerózy?
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