Aké sú kritériá metabolického syndrómu podľa IDF (2005)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 84
| metabolický syndróm | syndroma metabolicum |
| inzulínová rezistencia | |
| abdominálna (centrálna) obezita | obesitas abdominalis |
| obvod pása | |
| aterogénna dyslipidémia | |
| hypertriacylglycerolémia | hypertriglyceridaemia |
| acanthosis nigricans | acanthosis nigricans |
| steatotická choroba pečene spojená s metabolickou dysfunkciou (MASLD) | |
| hyperurikémia | hyperuricaemia |
| metformín | metforminum |
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a large waist circumference (due to excess abdominal adipose tissue), hypertension, abnormal fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
Patients with metabolic syndrome are estimated to have a 2-fold increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and a 5-fold increased risk of diabetes mellitus, as compared to the general population.
The underlying etiology of metabolic syndrome is multifactorial. The proposed causes include genetic predisposition and multiple environmental or lifestyle factors, including obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy dietary habits.
The crux of the syndrome is a buildup of fatty tissue, especially in the abdomen, leading to insulin resistance.
Excess abdominal fat leads to excess free fatty acids in the portal vein, increasing fat accumulation in the liver. Fat also accumulates in muscle cells. Insulin resistance develops, with hyperinsulinemia.
Excess central adiposity (called apple shape), particularly when it results in a high waist-to-hip ratio (reflecting a relatively low muscle-to-fat mass ratio), increases risk.
The common signs of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity with high body mass index and increased waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, and signs of insulin resistance.
The physical examination may reveal signs of insulin resistance, such as acanthosis nigricans, and signs of dyslipidemia, such as xanthomas.
Serum uric acid levels are typically elevated (increasing risk of gout), and a prothrombotic state (with increased levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor I) and an inflammatory state develop.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is increasingly recognized as the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Central obesity (defined as waist circumference ≥ 94cm for Europid men and ≥ 80cm for Europid women, with ethnicity specific values for other groups) plus any two of the following four factors:
the IDF requires central obesity plus any two of four other risk factors. The harmonized criteria define MetS as the presence of any three out of five specified components.
Currently, there is no consensus by medical bodies on the use of one definition and standardized diagnosis for MetS and this has resulted in various definitions and diagnostic criteria for MetS.
Determine waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile.
Optimally, a management approach based on a heart-healthy diet and regular physical activity results in weight loss; physical activity includes a combination of aerobic activity and resistance training, reinforced with behavioral therapy.
The contemporary guidelines recommend a 7% to 10% reduction in the baseline body weight over 12 months, with physical activity and calorie deficit.
Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, or a thiazolidinedione (eg, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) may be useful. Weight loss may be sufficient to reverse the syndrome, but if not, each feature of the syndrome should be managed to achieve recommended targets (eg, blood pressure, lipid levels)
Obesity is treated with anti-obesity medications (eg, orlistat, phentermine, liraglutide) and, if needed, metabolic and bariatric surgery
Metabolic syndrome is also associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and early onset type II diabetes mellitus.
The condition can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, while also worsening systemic insulin resistance and lipid dysregulation
Furthermore, hypertension adversely affects several body functions, including increased vascular resistance and stiffness, causing peripheral vascular disease, structural heart disease comprising of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy, and leading to renal impairment.
Aké sú kritériá metabolického syndrómu podľa IDF (2005)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Porovnajte definíciu metabolického syndrómu podľa IDF (2005) a harmonizovanú definíciu (2009).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú zásady liečby metabolického syndrómu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.