Aká je profylaxia tetanu pri ošetrení rany podľa očkovacej anamnézy (CDC, podľa MSD)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 85
| zoonóza | zoonosis |
| tularémia | tularaemia |
| brucelóza | brucellosis |
| eryzipeloid | erysipeloid |
| leptospiróza | leptospirosis |
| Weilova choroba (ikterická leptospiróza) | |
| tetanus | tetanus |
| trizmus | trismus |
| botulizmus | botulismus |
| lymská borelióza | borreliosis |
| erythema migrans | erythema migrans |
| ľudský tetanický imunoglobulín |
Leptospirosis, a zoonosis occurring in many domestic and wild animals, may cause inapparent illness or serious, even fatal disease in humans.
In humans, infection is a zoonosis, chiefly occupational, and typically follows a penetrating wound in people who handle edible or nonedible animal matter
Tetanus is acute poisoning resulting from a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
Botulism is poisoning due to Clostridium botulinum toxin that affects the peripheral nerves.
In winter months, most cases result from contact (especially during skinning) with infected wild rabbits and hares. In summer months, infection usually follows handling of other infected animals or birds or bites of infected ticks or other arthropods.
The causative organisms of human brucellosis are Brucella abortus (from cattle), B. melitensis (from sheep and goats), and B. suis (from hogs). B. canis (from dogs) has caused sporadic infections.
Human infections are acquired by direct contact with infected urine or tissue or indirectly by contact with contaminated water or soil. Abraded skin and exposed mucous membranes (conjunctival, nasal, oral) are the usual entry portals.
In Europe and Asia, Lyme disease is caused primarily by B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. burgdorferi.
Within 1 week of injury, a slowly evolving characteristic raised, violaceous, indurated, localized cellulitic rash appears on the affected area (eg, hand), accompanied by itching and burning.
As a result, release of inhibitory transmitters from nerve terminals is blocked, causing unopposed muscle stimulation by acetylcholine and generalized tonic spasticity, usually with superimposed intermittent tonic seizures.
Symptoms are symmetric cranial nerve palsies accompanied by a symmetric descending weakness and flaccid paralysis without sensory deficits.
Weil syndrome (icteric leptospirosis) is a severe form with jaundice and usually azotemia, anemia, diminished consciousness, and continued fever.
Diagnose and treat Lyme disease without laboratory testing in people with erythema migrans.
Bone marrow culture is more sensitive than blood culture and is often considered the gold standard
The simultaneous presentation of at least 2 patients who ate the same food simplifies diagnosis, which is confirmed by finding C. botulinum toxin in serum, gastric secretions, or stool. Finding C. botulinum toxin in suspect food identifies the source.
Diagnosis is primarily epidemiologic and clinical and supported by serologic tests.
Patients who have a wound that poses an increased risk of tetanus should be given prophylaxis depending on wound type and vaccination history; tetanus immune globulin also may be indicated
Prevent further toxin release by debriding the wound and giving an antibiotic (eg, metronidazole), and neutralize unbound toxin with human tetanus immune globulin.
Antitoxin should be given as soon as possible after clinical diagnosis and not delayed to await culture or toxicology results. Antitoxin is less likely to be of benefit if given > 72 hours after symptom onset.
Table 1 Antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease in adults and young people (aged 12 and over) according to symptoms
Treatment First alternative Second alternative Lyme disease without focal symptoms but with erythema migrans and/or non-focal symptoms Oral doxycycline: 100 mg twice per day or 200 mg once per day for 21 days Oral amoxicillin
Treat Lyme disease in pregnant women using appropriate antibiotics for the stage of pregnancy.
Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death. Laryngeal spasm and rigidity and spasms of the abdominal wall, diaphragm, and chest wall muscles cause asphyxiation.
Complications of brucellosis are rare but include subacute bacterial endocarditis, neurobrucellosis (which includes acute and chronic meningitis, encephalitis, and neuritis), orchitis, cholecystitis, hepatic suppuration, and osteomyelitis (particularly sacroiliac or vertebral).
Most common are lymphocytic meningitis (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] pleocytosis of about 100 cells/mcL) or meningoencephalitis, cranial neuritis (especially Bell palsy, which may be bilateral), and sensory or motor radiculoneuropathies, alone or in combination.
Myocardial abnormalities occur in about 8% of patients within weeks of erythema migrans. They include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block (first-degree, Wenckebach, or third-degree) and, rarely, myopericarditis
Aká je profylaxia tetanu pri ošetrení rany podľa očkovacej anamnézy (CDC, podľa MSD)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú štádiá a prejavy lymskej boreliózy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.