Uveďte diagnostické kritériá diabetes mellitus u netehotných dospelých (ADA 2026).
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🫀 Interná medicína · 86
| diabetes mellitus 2. typu | diabetes mellitus typus 2 |
| inzulínová rezistencia | |
| glykovaný hemoglobín (HbA1c) | |
| orálny glukózový tolerančný test (oGTT) | |
| metformín | metforminum |
| inhibítory SGLT2 (gliflozíny) | |
| agonisty receptora GLP-1 | |
| hyperosmolárny hyperglykemický stav | |
| acanthosis nigricans | acanthosis nigricans |
| diabetická nefropatia | nephropathia diabetica |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion relative to needs.
Hepatic insulin resistance leads to an inability to suppress hepatic glucose production, and peripheral insulin resistance impairs peripheral glucose uptake. This combination gives rise to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia develops when insulin secretion can no longer compensate for insulin resistance. Although insulin resistance is characteristic in patients with type 2 diabetes and those at risk of it, patients also exhibit beta cell dysfunction and impaired insulin secretion that progresses over time
Obesity and weight gain are important determinants of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
There are both environmental and genetic determinants, as evidenced by the high prevalence of the disease in relatives of people with the disease
The mild hyperglycemia of early diabetes is often asymptomatic; therefore, diagnosis may be delayed for many years if routine screening is not performed.
More significant hyperglycemia causes glycosuria and thus an osmotic diuresis, leading to urinary frequency, polyuria, and polydipsia that may progress to orthostatic hypotension and dehydration
Hyperglycemia can also cause weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and blurred vision, and it may predispose to bacterial or fungal infections.
In some patients, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state occurs initially, especially during a period of stress or when glucose metabolism is further impaired by medications, such as glucocorticoids.
A1C ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay. * OR FPG ≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h.
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water.
or presents with hyperglycemic crisis, measurement of random plasma glucose is sufficient to diagnose diabetes (symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis plus random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL [≥11.1 mmol/L])
In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal results from different tests, which may be obtained at the same time (e.g., A1C and FPG), or the same test at two different time points.
Key elements of treatment for all patients are patient education, diet, exercise, weight loss, and monitoring of glucose control.
For people with type 2 diabetes and established ASCVD or indicators of high ASCVD risk, HF, or CKD, an SGLT2 inhibitor and/or GLP-1 RA with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit ( Table 9.2 ) is recommended independent of A1C, with or without metformin use
metformin should not be started in those whose eGFR is <45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . For those already treated with metformin, the dose of metformin should be reduced once eGFR is <45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and should be stopped once eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2
initiation of insulin should be considered regardless of background glucose-lowering therapy or disease duration if symptoms of hyperglycemia are present or when A1C or blood glucose levels are very high (i.e., A1C >10% [>86 mmol/mol] or blood glucose ≥300 mg/dL [≥16.7 mmol/L])
Microvascular complications include retinopathy , nephropathy , and neuropathy
Macrovascular complications include atherosclerosis of large vessels leading to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction , transient ischemic attacks and strokes , and peripheral artery disease
Acute complications of type 2 diabetes and its treatment, including hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state and hypoglycemia
cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in diabetes mellitus
Uveďte diagnostické kritériá diabetes mellitus u netehotných dospelých (ADA 2026).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Kedy sa pri DM 2. typu podľa ADA 2026 odporúča SGLT2 inhibítor alebo GLP-1 RA nezávisle od HbA1c?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte chronické komplikácie diabetes mellitus 2. typu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.