Ako sa definuje AIDS (štádium 3 infekcie HIV)? Uveďte príklady AIDS-definujúcich ochorení.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 87
| vírus ľudskej imunitnej nedostatočnosti (HIV) | virus immunodeficientiae humanae |
| syndróm získanej imunitnej nedostatočnosti (AIDS) | syndroma immunodeficientiae acquisitae |
| CD4+ T-lymfocyty | |
| antiretrovírusová liečba (ART) | |
| vírusová nálož | |
| akútny retrovírusový syndróm | |
| pneumocystová pneumónia | pneumonia pneumocystica |
| Kaposiho sarkóm | sarcoma Kaposi |
| oportúnne infekcie | |
| zápalový syndróm z imunitnej rekonštitúcie (IRIS) |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs at the most advanced stage of infection.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome.
HIV surface glycoprotein (gp)120 binds CD4 on the target cell, inducing a conformational change that enables binding to a coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4). This triggers activation of gp41, which mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane
Transmission of HIV requires contact with body fluids—specifically blood, semen, vaginal secretions, human milk, or exudates from wounds or skin and mucosal lesions—that contain free HIV virions or infected cells.
People living with HIV who are taking ART and have an undetectable viral load will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners.
Acute retroviral syndrome usually begins within 2 to 4 weeks of infection and usually lasts for a few days to several weeks
After the first symptoms disappear, most patients, even without treatment, have no symptoms or only a few mild, intermittent, nonspecific symptoms for a highly variable time period (typically 10 to 11 years)
CD4 count < 200 cells/mcL: Increased risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia , toxoplasmic encephalitis , and cryptococcal meningitis CD4 count < 50 cells/mcL: Increased risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections
Invasive cervical cancer Extrapulmonary or disseminated coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, or cryptococcosis, including cryptococcal meningitis Chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis or isosporiasis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Kaposi sarcoma
AIDS is diagnosed when specific AIDS-defining conditions are noted, regardless of the CD4+ count.
These stages are determined based on the CD4+ count for all people aged 6 and older (separate criteria exist for infants aged younger than 1 and children aged 1 to 5): Stage 1: 500 or more cells/μL Stage 2: 200 to 499 cells/μL Stage 3: less than 200 cells/μL
Fourth-generation HIV antigen/antibody combination immunoassay (detecting HIV-1/2 antibodies and p24 antigen; preferred screening test in all settings)
When HIV infection is diagnosed, the following should be determined: CD4 count Plasma HIV RNA level (also called viral load)
Because disease-related complications can occur in untreated patients with a high CD4 count and because less toxic medications have been developed, treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now recommended for all patients.
Reduce the plasma HIV RNA level, also called viral load, to undetectable (ie, < 20 to 50 copies/mL) Restore the CD4 count to a normal level (immune restoration or reconstitution)
Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) are used in treatment-naive patients.
Given the high risk of P jirovecii with CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 or a CD4+ count <14%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) prophylaxis is recommended.
In patients with a severe opportunistic infection, rapid initiation of ART can result in immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Patients who had an adverse reaction to abacavir should not be given the medication again. If they are reexposed to the medication, they may have a severe, potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction. Risk of an adverse reaction to abacavir is 100-fold higher in patients with HLA-B*5701
Without treatment, people living with HIV infection can also develop severe illnesses: tuberculosis (TB) cryptococcal meningitis severe bacterial infections cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
HIV can directly damage the brain, gonads, kidneys, and heart, causing cognitive impairment, hypogonadism, renal insufficiency, or cardiomyopathy.
Ako sa definuje AIDS (štádium 3 infekcie HIV)? Uveďte príklady AIDS-definujúcich ochorení.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte skupiny antiretrovírusových liekov používaných v úvodnej liečbe a ich mechanizmus účinku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Uveďte primárne profylaxie oportúnnych infekcií u dospelých s HIV podľa počtu CD4.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.