Vymenujte hlavné mechanizmy účinku antibiotík a uveďte príklady skupín.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 88
| antibiotikum | antibioticum |
| baktericídny / bakteriostatický účinok | |
| minimálna inhibičná koncentrácia (MIC) | |
| antibiogram | |
| betalaktámové antibiotiká | |
| aminoglykozidy | |
| fluorochinolóny | |
| antimikrobiálna rezistencia | |
| acyklovir | aciclovirum |
| azolové antimykotiká | |
| echinokandíny | |
| amfotericín B | amphotericinum B |
Antimicrobials – including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics – are medicines used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in people, animals and plants.
Antibiotics have many mechanisms of action, including the following: Inhibiting cell wall synthesis Increasing cell membrane permeability Interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism, and other metabolic processes (eg, folic acid synthesis)
The beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis by acylating the transpeptidase involved in cross-linking peptides to form peptidoglycan. The targets for the actions of beta-lactam antibiotics are known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
Aminoglycosides have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. These antibiotics bind to the 30S ribosome, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
Macrolides are antibiotics that are primarily bacteriostatic; by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, they inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Fluoroquinolones exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal activity by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication.
Interfere with viral particle attachment to host cell membranes or uncoating of viral nucleic acids Inhibit a cellular receptor or factor required for viral replication Block specific virus-encoded enzymes and proteins that are produced in the host cells and that are essential for viral replication
Acyclovir is an antiviral agent that incorporates itself into viral DNA, preventing further synthesis. It inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication after converting to acyclovir triphosphate by viral and cellular enzymes.
Triazoles, a subclass of azoles that also includes imidazoles and tetrazoles, block the synthesis of ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell membrane.
Echinocandins are water-soluble lipopeptides that inhibit glucan synthase. They are available only in an IV formulation. Echinocandins target the fungal cell wall, a structure that is absent in mammalian cells.
Antibiotics should be used only if clinical or laboratory evidence suggests bacterial infection.
Cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for selecting an antibiotic for serious infections. However, treatment must often begin before culture results are available, necessitating selection according to the most likely pathogens (empiric antibiotic selection).
Susceptibility data should be compiled into antibiograms and used to direct empiric treatment whenever possible. Antibiograms summarize regional facility-specific (or location-specific) antibiotic susceptibility patterns of common pathogens to commonly used antibiotics.
Aminoglycosides , fluoroquinolones , and daptomycin exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal activity.
In general, clinicians should use antibiotics with the narrowest spectrum of activity and for the shortest duration.
Penicillins, cephalosporins, and erythromycin are among the safest antibiotics during pregnancy; tetracyclines are contraindicated.
Antibiotics are classified into three groups, Access, Watch and Reserve, taking into account the impact of different antibiotics and antibiotic classes on antibiotic resistance, to emphasize the importance of their appropriate use. It is updated every 2 years
Lipid formulations are generally preferred over conventional amphotericin B because they cause fewer infusion-related symptoms and less nephrotoxicity.
Complications of antibiotic therapy include superinfection by nonsusceptible bacteria or fungi and cutaneous, renal, hematologic, neurologic, and gastrointestinal adverse effects.
All aminoglycosides cause Renal toxicity (often reversible) Vestibular and auditory toxicity (often irreversible) Prolongation of effects of neuromuscular blockers
Tendinopathy, including rupture of the Achilles tendon, may occur even after short-term use of fluoroquinolones.
Antibiotic use preferentially eliminates nonresistant bacteria, increasing the proportion of resistant bacteria that remain. Antibiotic use has this effect not only on pathogenic bacteria but also on normal microbiota; resistant normal microbiota can become a reservoir for resistance genes
Vymenujte hlavné mechanizmy účinku antibiotík a uveďte príklady skupín.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú základné princípy racionálnej antibiotickej liečby?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte skupiny systémových antimykotík a uveďte ich mechanizmus alebo hlavné vlastnosti.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.